Dinosaur Intelligence, and How Its Measured

Dinosaur Intelligence, and How It's Measured Gary Larson framed the issue best in a famous Far Side cartoon. A Stegosaurus behind a podium addresses an audience of his fellow dinosaurs: The pictures pretty bleak, gentlemen. ..the worlds climates are changing, the mammals are taking over, and we all have a brain about the size of a walnut. (See a slideshow of the 10 smartest dinosaurs.) For over a century, that quote has pretty much summed up popular (and even professional) opinions about dinosaur intelligence. It didnt help that one of the earliest dinosaurs to be discovered and classified (the above-named Stegosaurus, in 1877) possessed an unusually small brain, about the size of, yes, a walnut (its brain was so small, in fact, that paleontologists once speculated that Stegosaurus had a supplementary brain in its butt). It also didnt help that dinosaurs are long extinct; wiped out by the famine and freezing temperatures in the wake of the K/T Extinction 65 million years ago. If only theyd been smarter, we like to think, some of them might have found a way to survive! One Measure of Dinosaur Intelligence: EQ Since theres no way to travel back in time and give an Iguanodon an IQ test, naturalists have developed an indirect means of evaluating the intelligence of extinct (as well as living) animals. The Encephalization Quotient, or EQ, measures the size of a creatures brain against the size of the rest of its body, and compares this ratio to that of other species of roughly the same size. Part of what makes us human beings smart is the enormous size of our brains compared to our bodies; our EQ measures a hefty 5. That may not seem like such a big number, so lets look at the EQs of some other mammals: on this scale, wildebeests weigh in at .68, African elephants at .63, and opossums at .39. As you might expect, monkeys have higher EQs: 1.5 for a red colobus, 2.5 for a capuchin. Dolphins are the only animals on the planet with EQs even close to those of humans; the bottlenose comes in at 3.6. (By the way, EQ scales vary considerably; some authorities set the average human EQ at about 8, with the EQ of other creatures scaled up proportionally.) As you might expect, the EQs of dinosaurs (based on the analysis of their fossil remains) are spread across the lower end of the spectrum. Triceratops weighs in at a scant .11 on the EQ scale, and it was the class valedictorian compared to lumbering sauropods like Brachiosaurus, which dont even come close to hitting the .1 mark. However, some of the swift, two-legged, feathered dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era posted relatively high EQ scores- not quite as smart as modern wildebeests, but not that much dumber, either. How Smart Were Carnivorous Dinosaurs? One of the trickiest aspects of animal intelligence is that, as a rule, a creature only has to be smart enough to prosper in its given ecosystem and avoid being eaten. Since plant-eating sauropods and titanosaurs were so massively dumb, the predators that fed on them only needed to be marginally smarter- and most of the relative increase in the brain size of these carnivores can be attributed to their need for better smell, vision and muscular coordination, their tools for the hunt. (For that matter, one can argue that the reason sauropods were so dumb is because they only had to be marginally smarter than the giant ferns they munched on!) However, its possible to swing the pendulum too far in the other direction and exaggerate the intelligence of carnivorous dinosaurs. For example, the doorknob-turning, pack-hunting Velociraptors of Jurassic Park and Jurassic World are a complete fantasy- if you met a live Velociraptor today, it would probably strike you as slightly dumber (though a lot more dangerous) than a chicken. You certainly wouldnt be able to teach it tricks, since its EQ would be an order of magnitude below that of a dog or cat. (This is part of the reason why dinosaurs, as a general rule, dont make very good pets.) Could Dinosaurs Have Evolved Intelligence? Its easy, from our present-day perspective, to poke fun at the walnut-brained dinosaurs that lived tens of millions of years ago. However, you should bear in mind that the proto-humans of five or six million years ago werent exactly Einsteins, either- even though, as stated above, they were significantly smarter than the other mammals in their savannah ecosystems. In other words, if you managed to time-transport a five-year-old Neanderthal into the present day, she probably wouldnt do very well in kindergarten! This raises the question: what if at least some dinosaurs had survived the K/T Extinction 65 million years ago? Dale Russell, the one-time curator of vertebrate fossils at the National Museum of Canada, once caused a stir with his speculation that Troodon - a human-sized theropod dinosaur about as smart as an opossum- might eventually have evolved a human-sized level of intelligence if it had been left to evolve for another few million years. It should be noted, however, that Russell didnt propose this as a serious theory, which will come as a disappointment to those who still believe intelligent reptoids live among us.

Working in Partnership in Health and Social Care Essay

Working in Partnership in Health and Social Care - Essay Example Working in healthcare involves undertaking diagnoses, treating and preventing injuries, illnesses and mental impairments in people. These services require the skills of competent professionals; nurses, doctors, psychiatrists and pharmacists. Healthcare may be provided in health facilities or even at home. Working in healthcare usually involves provision of primary, secondary or tertiary care. It may also involve providing healthcare services at home, conducting medical research, formulating health care regulation and administration, financing or improvement of technology used in provision of care to patients such as X-ray machines or CT scans (Norman, 2001). Working in social care on the other hand involves taking measures that will improve the well being and quality of life of an individual or a community. These measures may include intervening whenever there is a crisis, or a social injustice has been meted on individuals that are not empowered enough to fight for their own rights. It also involves research and educating people on their human rights and civil liberties. Research in social care focuses on public administration, counseling, psychotherapy as well as all areas of human development. Most importantly, social care involves organizing communities to work together towards tackling challenges that affect them. Organisations that offer health and social care constitute members drawn from a wide range of professions such as education, medicine, law, philosophy, psychology and theology (Norman, 2001). They also draw members from local, national, regional and inter-continental areas. Effectiveness of Partnership Relationships in Health and Social Care Working in partnership is inevitable in health and social care due to the overlapping nature of some of their roles (Weber, 2001). It helps foster consultation, job sharing and shared ways of working together to solve common problems. However in pursuit of these partnerships, health and social care providers need to clearly identify their roles and responsibilities and how they complement each other so as to avoid conflicts (Weber, 2001). Partnership is essential since it helps in the success of several stages that will ultimately lead to effective service delivery. This section is dedicated to discussing these stages. The first role of partnerships in health and social care is planning. This is the most crucial stage in which health and social care strategies, priorities and objectives are set. Planning is essential since it gives an overall direction of activities that the organisation will have to undertake to meet its goals. The second role of partnerships is shared commissioning and integration of service delivery. Once the need for a service to the people has been established, partnerships come in handy to not only make the commissioning and service delivery swift but also easy. The third role is development of health and Social Care Workforce (Weber, 2001). This is another area i n which partnerships are important. They help in the employment, retention. Another area is monitoring, review and regulation. Partnerships also lend a hand in review of services delivered, inspection of registered facilities such as children’s homes and nursing homes for the elderly and making sure that they conform to the set standards. Partnerships also are effective in lobbying and learning. Research and practice has shown that the challenges facing health and social care delivery can be tackled best through joint and collective learning. This is the final and most crucial effectiveness of partnerships. They enable and encourage the participation of all members of the organisation to deliver services so as to meet the requirements se (Weber,

Ethics in infofmation systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in infofmation systems - Term Paper Example However, in order to prevent customer data, a number of strategies can be defined are demonstrated below: Persistently maintaining data protection controls and procedures aiding in optimum data integrity An incident response plan that can be triggered, whenever a security breach is found within the network or servers maintaining customer data. An intelligent spyware, ad-ware and antivirus installation on workstations, in order to protect threats emerging from a workstation within the network. Moreover, information technology facilitates CRM to maintain data in databases including customer names, contact details, buying history and usability of services. Likewise, the information retrieved from databases connected to CRM provides personalized processes for an organization to target customers. Likewise, the personalized processes provide value for the customers along with increment in customer loyalty for the organization (Payne & Frow, 2006). For instance, notifications of new service s and products are transmitted via emails; short message services (SMS), phone calls, or WAP services. Consequently, customers are updated related to new services and products (Buttle, Ang, & Iriana, 2006). ... In order to evaluate the value for customers, they need to demonstrate at least one of the three factors listed below (Buttle, Ang, & Iriana, 2006): Customers demonstrating significant life time value Customers demonstrating targeting other customers Customers encouraging modification of suppliers In order to disseminate customer information, cookies can be used, as they are isolated with textual information that is redirected from the web server to a web browser. Likewise, the cookies that are transmitted via hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) are responsible for authenticating, tracking, and managing precise information related to the user. For instance, they can manage precise information related to site preferences and data associated with shopping carts (Cookie.2007, n.d). 2 Legislation and Other Policy 2.1 Associated and Applicable Legislation To sidestep for any legal issues or security breaches, organization needs to define, document and demonstrate compliance with all applic able statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements for each information system. Owners of the systems must take advice from the information security officers for all issues related to Legal and security information. Local regulations must be addressed that are applicable where data is handled, stored or protected. Likewise, legal officer of the organization will examine applicable laws and regulations of policies at different regions. The legal officer will consult chief information security officer for establishing required exceptions to policies and specific policies to different regions. 2.2 Intellectual Property Rights All employees at the organization will conform to the legal

Global Smart Classroom Market Essay Example for Free

Global Smart Classroom Market Essay Classrooms that are technology-enabled are known as smart classrooms. These classrooms are equipped with hardware and software that enhance learning and improve the dissemination of knowledge. Smart classrooms have transformed teaching from a traditional process to an advanced learning process by using an array of audio-visual tools that allow teachers to demonstrate and communicate easily. These technologies consist of software such as educational ERP and disruptive technologies such as LMSs, LCMSs, interactive whiteboards, and simulation-based learning hardware. Smart classrooms use interactive modules, videos, and presentations to improve the teaching process and to engage students in multi-media technologies. Covered in this Report The report covers the present scenario and the growth prospects of the Global Smart Classroom market for the period 2015-2019. To calculate the market size, it considers the revenue generated by vendors through the following product segments: Kindergarten K-12 Higher Education View our full TOC here Key Regions EMEA APAC Americas Key Vendors Apple Inc. IBM Corp. Microsoft Corp. SMART Technologies Inc. Other Prominent Vendors Adobe ATT Technologies Blackboard Cisco Systems Dell Desire2Learn Discovery Communication Dreambox Learning Echo360 Ellucian Fujitsu HP Jenzabar Knewton Lenovo Group N2N Services Panasonic Promethean World Saba Software Samsung Toshiba Udemy Key Market Driver Dynamic Interactive Learning Systems For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Market Challenge Lack of Proper IT Infrastructure For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Market Trend. Increased Usage of Smart Software For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Questions Answered in this Report What will the market size be in 2018 and what will the growth rate be? What are the key market trends? What is driving this market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in this market space? What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors? For more insights, view our Global Smart Classroom Market 2014-2018 report.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr - Dr. King and the Dream :: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essays

Dr. King and the Dream The world saw him as a marching protest leader, an activist, spokesman, civil rights leader, and the conscience of a nation. With keen and sensitive insight, he so eloquently proclaimed that a profound social and human predicament faced our nation and the world. However, some of his greatest messages to us were not preached from a "mountaintop" before millions, but from a little pulpit back home at the Ebeneezer Baptist Church. Dr. King once said, "before I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment. Just one month before an assassin's bullet found him, Dr. King went back home. For so long, he had lectured and preached to others about the magnificent dreams of unity, brotherhood, hope, and justice. He had taken his messages to the uttermost parts of the world and met with kings, queens, popes, rabbis, and archbishops. But now he was home for a time of reflection, reunion, and rest. This sermon was different. In this sermon, "Unfulfilled Dreams," he preached from the eighth chapter of first Kings and talked about its "cosmic significance because it says so much in so few words about life." It tells the story of King David, who had a dream to build a great temple to honor the Lord, God of Israel. Although the temple was never completed, God blessed David because the dream was in his heart. In this sermon, Dr. King talked about the shattered dreams of Mahatma Gandhi who dreamed about the independence and unity of India as one great nation moving toward a higher destiny. Gandhi labored for years through nonviolent revolution hoping to realize his dream. But the dream was shattered because the nation that Gandhi wanted so badly to unite was riddled with conflict between the Hindus and Moslems. President Woodrow Wilson dreamed of a League of Nations but died before the promise was delivered. The Apostle Paul dreamed of carrying the gospel to Spain but instead ended up in a prison cell in Rome. While reading this sermon, I remembered my own dream, that my children would never see the inhumanity I saw, would never feel the injustice I felt, nor would they taste the bitterness of bigotry that consumed this nation when I was a child.

How Does William Shakespeare introduce the themes of love and hate in Romeo and Juliet?

In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare shows beautifully constructed language in the Prologue and Act 1:1 to illustrate the love of the `star crossed lovers` and the hatred shared from the Capulet's and the Montague's, the ongoing rivalry over something feeble enough that it doesn't even need to be explained of how it came about. Throughout the play, we see how the love collides with the hate in a way that teaches the two households how imbecilic the situation is. Not only has Shakespeare used elegant language, but he has also used a number of techniques to present the key themes. The prologue, something that is already usually written as a love poem, has been interpreted in many different ways and as I read the script, I even think of other ways it could be displayed. The Prologue is traditionally 14 lines long, each line holding roughly 10 syllables each. â€Å"Two households, both alike in dignity.† The Rhyming scheme is A, B, A, B, C, D, C, D, E, F, E, F, G, G (the last lines ending on a rhyming couplet). There are four sections in the Prologue (traditionally in a sonnet), but Shakespeare has written it in a particular way so that it can be broken down into three sections. The different sections establish different things. The first one introduces the setting of the play â€Å"In fair Verona (where we lay our scene)† This shows the Prologue as being some sort of a trailer for the play. The next section familiarizes the plot and also involves some conflict into the story: the hate of the two households mixed with the love of the two teenagers. â€Å"Doth with their death bury their parents' strife.† This automatically throws caution to the audience and turns Romeo and Juliet from a regular play, into a love tragedy. Shakespeare allegedly wrote 37 plays and they have been broken down into three categories: Comedy, Historical and Tragedy. Tragedy is very affective because of the dramatic effects that can be produced from it. Shakespeare was masterful at involving different dramatic effects through techniques. A key contrast of tragedy and comedy is that the tragedy's main characters are often portrayed as very heroic and selfless ones, as to add the sense of seriousness to the script, whereas with his comedy plays, this of course did not matter. One of Shakespeare's techniques can be easily found in the Prologue and is reoccurring in Act 1:1 is the use of Oxymorons. An oxymoron is a phrase, usually two words placed next to each other in a sentence where the two words are usually contradictory. Oxymoron is an oxymoron in itself, for the oxy is Greek for sharp and moron is Greek for dull. An example of an oxymoron in the Prologue is: â€Å"The fearful passage of their death-marked love† The final section of the Prologue states that the decease of the â€Å"star-crossed lovers† that are Romeo and Juliet is the only way to end the rivalry. â€Å"Which but their children's end nought could remove.† The final three lines of this tantalising opening to the play are talking directly to the audience: â€Å"The which if you with patient ears attend.† This enforces the idea of the Prologue being a trailer even more. The originally chorus spoken Prologue has been interpreted in many different ways. In Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 version, the film opens with the Prologue being narrated. This is delivered calmly, as to give the fight as more of an jolt to the audience afterwards. Baz Luhrmann first presents the Prologue as a news report. This gives off a modern day equivalent of the Prologue, showing instantly how Luhrmann has decided to direct the film. After the news report, the prologue is repeated as an over voice. The voice gives off the same omniscient feel as in Franco Zeffirelli's version as it has been placed in the hands of Friar Lawrence. This is a cleverly picked character, as it is one who has an alliance with God, and therefore appears even more Godly. The Prologue is such a crucial element to the script, as it outlines the entire play and foreshadows future events; therefore the way different productions have presented is very important. Act 1:1 starts with Samson and Gregory in `a public place`, acting jokily and being troublesome. This is apparent from when `two serving men` from the house of Montague enter. Different interpretations of the characters entrances symbolize what the directors see the characters as. In Luhrmann's version, the Montague's and Capulet's are described as the â€Å"boys† giving the sense that the rivalry and arguments of the two households are pretty petty and childish. The `Montague Boys` act in a childish way themselves, which creates a great contrast to the other, deadly serious half of the scene. It also makes a huge contrast to the Capulets when they enter. Their characters are shown as unsympathetic, merciless and ruthless men. Luhrmann again represents the modern day version by setting the fight in a petrol station. Zeffirelli's version is much more minimalist. The entire scene is set in a market, where Sampson and Gregory and striding through arrogantly. As the two households meet eyes, each character's obnoxiousness increases. â€Å"Do you bite your thumb at us, sir?† â€Å"I do bite my thumb, sir.† This quarrel between Abram and Sampson opens the argument, unraveling the entire scene. Benvolio (a Montague), enters an argument and as Tybalt confronts, the fight commences. It is soon called to a halt, as the Prince arrives and attempts to make himself heard. Again, in this speech, Shakespeare uses something similar to an oxymoron – an antithesis. This is where the opposite words aren't necessarily placed together. He uses this is in the first line of his speech: â€Å"Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace.† â€Å"Profaners of this neighbor-stained steel† This is referring to their swords. This measly attempt to end a fight that has developed so greatly has failed, and so he tries again. Here we find another technique of Shakespeare. â€Å"Purple fountains issuing from your veins† Here he has used `fountains` as a metaphor for blood. A fountain, where water is provided, water is a traditional symbol of the source of life, so a fountain of blood is now transformed into an image of horror. Shakespeare also describes the quarreling households as `beasts` to denote his anger and how confused he is of such beastliness of them (this emotion is greatly shared with Romeo later in the play). â€Å"Throw your mistemper'd weapons to the ground.† The weapons are â€Å"mistempered† in the sense that they are angry, that is, used by angry men. In the Prince's speech, we encounter the first talk of past encounters of Montague and Capulet: â€Å"Have thrice disturb'd the quiet of our streets.† The â€Å"disturbance† has prevented any peace for the two households, but throughout the entire play there is not any word of how the disturbance came about to begin with. However, there are clues as to what it could be. For example, there is a running theme of religion throughout the play, with the powerful character of Father Laurence and the religious attitudes of the households, with the church being a reoccurring set; could religion be the reason for the rivalry? When the fight had been calmed by the Prince and when the air was cleared, Lady Montague asked: â€Å"O where is Romeo? Saw you him today?† Romeo, one who has not been involved in this `quarrel` in anyway, is still pining over his current love: Rosaline. As Romeo enters the scene, he is filled with love. As he talks with Benvolio, thoroughly disappointed with the fight that had just occurred, through Shakespeare, oxymorons are reintroduced. Romeo does not comprehend the ongoing rivalry, the torment and hatred and so he says: â€Å"Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health† This is poetically used to contrast the household's violence to his love for Rosaline. As the plot moves on, the love for Rosaline is replaced by Juliet, where the love is much greater, and as the love grows, uncannily, the rivalry grows at the same scale. The theme of Romeo's hastiness is clear as he jumps from love to love, and again clear as he rushes into marriage with Juliet. Romeo and Juliet has such a big mixture of emotions because it has three excessive themes that all join in together ruining the paths of each character. These themes are: tragedy, romance and rivalry and they keep Shakespeare's most familiar tragedy one of the most interesting and enchanting script of all time.

Death As A Tragedy For The Individual Essay - 1253 Words

Death is†¦ One main idea that I have circled back to throughout this semester, because of themes presented within this course and because of the context outside of the classroom that has impacted this community is that death is not about the deceased. Death, by definition, can only concern the living. Dying is a tragedy for the individual. Dying is a process or an event that forces hard conclusions and forces reconciliation. However, death cannot be of import to the individual who death has already captured. The struggle to decipher the meaning in dying was throughout provoking and especially moving in When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi. Kalanithi wrestles with having an intimate knowledge of what will eventually be the cause of his death. While Kalanithi’s dying impacts him and his family profoundly, the impact of his death is only relevant to the living. Death impacts the community, the family, and the natural world through which the body may decompose. We see this in the chapte r that was written by the author’s wife after the author’s death. Death is swift. It is unemotional and it is instantaneous. It is when vitality has come to a permanent end. One moment there is breath and a heartbeat, even if it is just a whisper. The next moment brings nothing. Dying, however, can be agonizing. Dying is when the life starts to drain out of an individual. As in The Death of Ivan Ilych, the dying began much before he became sick. When we do not live each moment to the fullest,Show MoreRelatedModern Tragedy Analysis1337 Words   |  6 PagesIs Modern Tragedy Truly Tragedy? (A critique of Stephen King’s inspired movie The Green Mile as it relates to Aristotle’s Poetics) â€Å"Tragedy is an imitation, not of men, but of an action and of life, and life consists in action, and its end is a mode of action, not a quality† (Butcher). Aristotle says that tragedy has more to do with the action of the plot than the characters themselves. 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