Business Model For Information Security Essay - 1681 Words

study used the Business Model for Information Security (BMIS). The model manages information security by addressing the complexity of security. It consists of four construct; Organization Design and Strategy, People, Process and Technology which interact with each other (ISACA 2009). According to (Horvà ¡th, 2010) the model emphasizes the importance of an organization culture as applied to information security. In the creation of this culture the following are instituted: alignment of information security with business objectives where security controls used must be practical and provide real and measurable risk reduction; risk based approach where the information security managers understand the institution and are able to select appropriate controls to mitigate potential threats and risks effectively; balance among organization, people, process and technology where there is organizational support, competent personnel, efficient processes and appropriate technology and finally con vergence of security strategies where all security functions are aligned with and support each other. The model has four constructs as explained below: 1. Organization Design and Strategy: An organization is a network of people, assets and processes interacting with each other in defined roles and working toward a common goal. ISACA(2009). 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Stephen1483 Words   |  6 PagesOntology of Information Security in Enterprises Stephen Schiavone1, Lalit Garg2 and Kelly Summers3 1University of Liverpool, Fountain Hills, Arizona, USA 2University of Liverpool, University of Malta, Malta 3Medicis Pharmaceutical Corp, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA steve.schiavone@my.ohecampus.com lalit.garg@my.ohecampus.com krsummers@sbcglobal.net Abstract: Today’s global free-market enterprise is reliant on the interconnectedness of social, economic and political ecosystems. Enterprises no longer maintainRead MoreThe Impact Of E Commerce On Retail Industry1697 Words   |  7 PagesE-Commerce on the ‘Retail Industry’ August 8 2016 The Findings and Analysis of customer information on an e-commerce platform. The Improved Marketing techniques of e-commerce. Security issues associated with conducting business over the internet and the methods used to combat these security vulnerabilities’ on e-commerce and the use of social media e-commerce the conventional method of conducting business today â€Æ' The Main Elements of E-Commerce and the impact of E-Commerce on ‘Retail Industry’Read MoreA Plan For Reactive And Proactive Security Planning1173 Words   |  5 Pages582 June 29, 2015 Security Planning After assessing the risk invovled with the organization infrastructure. The next step is security planning which involves developing controls and policies with techniques to help with security. The security strategies will define a plan for reactive and proactive security planning. The planning is developed to protect the company assets. Reactivly planning a contingency plan to implement just in case the orginal plan failed. The security plan will consists

The Ethics Of Health Ethics - 1542 Words

Public-health frequently come across severe ethical problems, such as controlling rare assets, prompting individuals to adjustment to their conduct, and controlling independence to reduce disease spread. Unlike health ethics there is no established framework for exploring these problems. The framework separates three ethical views often raised in public health dialogue: locations created on results, positions dedicated to the moralities and prospects, and visions that stress appeal and quality. Discovering serious disparities within each method and identify practical problems that come from talking about the ethical scopes of health program. People examine these challenges of ethics of care and by modern views about the nature of ethics.†¦show more content†¦Preserving the public’s health in the 21st century entails conserving admiration for personal rights. What were some of the ethical arguments used in both landmark cases? Jacobson was definite in 1905, once infectious diseases were the major source of death and public health programs were controlled mainly at the state levels. The government had moderately little association in health problems, other than stopping ships from carrying diseases such as yellow fever into the country’s docks. Few weapons existed to combat epidemics. There was no Food and Drug Administration (FDA), no rule of research, and no doctrine of informed consent. The US Supreme Court accepted a decision in the case of Jacobson v Massachusetts that supported the right of states to pass required vaccination laws. There are various limitations to which every person is automatically subject for the mutual good; the court took a strong point on one of the most inspiring constitutional measurements of public health. It also established the standings for what would ultimately develop as a main problem at the core of public health ethics. The problem of health care improvement brings essential ethical issues of integrity to the vanguard, as persons, populations, and the government combat with how to deliver excellent health care for the many without losing the simple rights of few people. The Supreme Court verdict that supported the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act (ACA),

Three Ways of Meeting Oppression free essay sample

Oppressed people deal with their oppression in three characteristic ways. One way is acquiescence: the oppressed resign themselves to their doom. They tacitly adjust themselves to oppression and thereby become conditioned to it. In every movement toward freedom some of the oppressed prefer to remain oppressed. Almost 2800 years ago Moses set out to lead the children of Israel from the slavery of Egypt to the freedom of the Promised Land. He soon discovered that slaves do not always welcome their deliverers. They become accustomed to being slaves.They would rather bear those ills they have, as Shakespeare pointed out, than flee to others that they know not of. They prefer the fleshpots of Egypt to the ordeals of emancipation. There is such a thing as the freedom of exhaustion. Some people are so worn down by the yoke of oppression that they give up. A few years ago in the slum areas of Atlanta, a Negro guitarist used to sing almost daily: Been down so long that down dont bother me. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Ways of Meeting Oppression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is the type of negative freedom and resignation that often engulfs the life of the oppressed.But this is not the way out. To accept passively an unjust system is to cooperate with that system; thereby the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor. Non-cooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. The oppressed must never allow the conscience of the oppressor to slumber. Religion reminds every man that he is his brothers keeper. To accept injustice or segregation passively is to say to the oppressor that his actions are morally right. It is a way of allowing his conscience to fall asleep.At this moment the oppressed fails to be his brothers keeper. So acquiescence-while often the easier way-is not the moral way. It is the way of the coward. The Negro cannot win the respect of his oppressor by acquiescing; he merely increases the oppressors arrogance and contempt. Acquiescence is interpreted as proof of the Negros inferiority. The Negro cannot win the respect of the white people of the South or the peoples of the world if he is willing to sell the future of his children for his personal and immediate comfort and safety. A second way that oppressed people sometimes deal with oppression is to resort to physical violence and corroding hatred. Violence often brings about momentary results. Nations have frequently won their independence in battle. But in spite of temporary victories, violence never brings permanent peace. It solves no social problem; it merely creates new and more complicated ones. Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral. It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all. The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everybody blind.It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding; it seeks to annihilate rather than to convert. Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love. It destroys community and makes brotherhood impossible. It leaves society in monologue rather than dialogue. Violence ends by defeating itself. It creates bitterness in the survivors and brutality in the destroyers. A voice echoes through time saying to every potential Peter, Put up your sword. History is cluttered with the wreckage of nations that failed to follow this command.If the American Negro and other victims of oppression succumb to the temptation of using violence in the struggle for freedom, future generations will be the recipients of a desolate night of bitterness, and our chief legacy to them will be an endless reign of meaningless chaos. Violence is not the way. The third way open to oppressed people in their quest for freedom is the way of nonviolent resistance. Like the synthesis in Hegelian philosophy, the principle of nonviolent resistance seeks to reconcile the truths of two opposites acquiescence and violence while avoiding the extremes and immoralities of both.The nonviolent resister agrees with the person who acquiesces that one should not be physically aggressive toward his opponent; but he balances the equation by agreeing with the person of violence that evil must be resisted. He avoids the nonresistance of the former and the violent resistance of the latter. With nonviolent resistance, no individual or group need submit to any wrong, nor need anyone resort to violence in order to right a wrong. It seems to me that this is the method that must guide the actions of the Negro in the present crisis in race relations.Through nonviolent resistance the Negro will be able to rise to the noble height of opposing the unjust system while loving the perpetrators of the system. The Negro must work passionately and unrelentingly for full stature as a citizen, but he must not use inferior methods to gain it. He must never come to terms with falsehood, malice, hate, or destruction. Nonviolent resistance makes it possible for the Negro to remain in the South and struggle for his rights. The Negros problem will not be solved by running away. He cannot listen to the glib suggestion of those who would urge him to migrate en masse to other sections of the country.By grasping his great opportunity in the South he can make a lasting contribution to the moral strength of the nation and set a sublime example of courage for generations yet unborn. By nonviolent resistance, the Negro can also enlist all men of good will in his struggle for equality. The problem is not a purely racial one, with Negroes set against whites. In the end, it is not a struggle between people at all, but a tension between justice and injustice. Nonviolent resistance is not aimed against oppressors but against oppression. Under its banner consciences, not racial groups are enlisted. [] Home

Disadvantage of humour appeal free essay sample

Disadvantages The disadvantages of humour in advertising all relate to the audience perception. Advertising humor needs to be well suited to its target audience. If they do not understand the joke, then the joke will be lost upon the audience. A sophisticated audience will understand your irony, satire, and puns, but a young audience may only understand slapstick comedy or a silly cartoon caricature. Inside jokes can be effective if the recipient understands that it was done for them, but nobody else will get it. Advertising humor has a relatively short life. The first time a consumer seeà Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦s the advertisement, they may laugh out loud. But after a while, although they still may smile at the joke, ità Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦s not so funny any more. Funny ads need to be replaced periodically which in turn increases cost. Another point to consider when using humor in advertising is that different things are funny to different people. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvantage of humour appeal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A commercial that may leave one person gripping their sides from laughter may leave a bad taste in anotherà Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦s mouth. The target market must always be considered. Whatà Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦s funny in a client presentation may not be funny on an airplane, in a cinema or in a hospital. Advertising humor can backfire. If you make a joke at the expense of any one group, you will surely alienate them which will in turn lose customers and devalue the companyà Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦s image. Advertising humor also needs to be product specific. Everyone has seen funny ads they have liked so much that they have forgotten what was being sold. Advertising humor must relate directly to the company or products if they want to be remembered. Corporate image and industrial advertising are serious business. Unknown, risky, expensive, or sensitive products are not normally suited to the lighter touch of advertising humor.

New Strategies and Principles of Sustainability Struggling

Family Therapy Essays

Family Therapy Essays Family Therapy Paper Family Therapy Paper This purpose of this assignment is to provide an outline of the major concepts of six different systemic family therapy approaches including: adlerian family therapy, multigenerational therapy, the human validation process model, experiential symbolic family therapy, structural family therapy and strategic family therapy. A brief overview of each modality will be given and then an exploration of the value of working systemically with the case study of Stan will be made. In addition, two social construction therapies, including solution focused therapy and narrative therapy will be reviewed and then finally these therapies will also be applied to the case study of Stan. PART A- SYSTEMIC THERAPIES A systemic perspective holds the assumption that an individual is best understood in the context of their family system. Family members interactions and behaviours are interconnected with others within the family and symptoms are often viewed as an expression of patterns within a family (Corey, 2005, p. 424). In this section, six different systemic family therapies will be outlined and the case study of Stan will be discussed from a systemic perspective. Adlerian Family Therapy: Alfred Adler was an Austrian Doctor and Psychologist who was one of the first members of Freud’s Vienna Psychoanalytic Society in the early 1900’s (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 151). He later diverged from Freud’s theories, as he perceived man as a social being with a natural inclination toward other people. He maintained that to understand an individual we needed to understand them within the social context that they exist (Adler, 1929, pp. 0-116). Adler was interested in a client’s social perspective and sense of community, birth order and family relationships and family constellations (ibid). Adler’s theories evolved from the concept of an inferiority complex which he believed motivates us to strive for success and work towards life goals that will see us overcome this com plex (Corey 2005, pp. 94-95). Adlerian Family Therapy is referred to as teleological. That is a belief that we are motivated by our future and drawn to our goals and life purpose, rather than driven by our instincts or past trauma as was believed by Freud (Boeree, 2006). : The stages of Adlerian Family Therapy can be described as Relationship, Psychological Investigation, Interpretation and Reorientation (Sweeny 1989, pp. 239-260). The basic aims of the therapist are establishing and maintaining a good relationship with the client, exploring the dynamics of a person by looking at their birth order characteristics and assessing their lifestyle, encouraging the development of insight and helping the family to set new goals that are aligned and encourage cooperation, self esteem and social interest (ibid). Adler considered encouragement to be the essential element in working towards change with a client. He believed that people who feel encouraged are more likely to accept themselves and strive for improvement (Sweeny 1989, pp. 239-260). Adlerian Family Therapists assume roles of educators, motivational investigators and collaborators. They will identify and discover the meaning of transactional patterns, set homework, teach new skills, promote effective parenting and build family pride with an emphasis on â€Å"changing the system and individual functioning within a new system† (Sherman Dinkmeyer, 1987, p. 39). Multi-generational Family Therapy: Murray Bowen was a psychoanalytically trained American psychiatrist who used a multigenerational approach when working with individuals (Brown, J. 2007, p. 12). The major concept of his theory is Differentiation of Self, which refers to the degree to which a person can think, act and follow their own values without having their behaviour automatically driven by the emotional cues of others (Bowen, 1994, pp. 476-477). Bowen maintained that levels of differentiation, patterns of behaviour and ways of relating to others are passed down through multiple generations and he described this as the Multigenerational Transmission Process (ibid). He also emphasised the role that Triangles, or three-way relationships, play in diffusing anxiety within a system and he used the term Nuclear Family Emotional System to explain patterns of emotional interaction that occur within a family to manage or absorb anxiety (ibid). Other concepts in this theory include: The Family Projection Process or the process of parents transmitting their own low level of differentiation onto the most susceptible child (Bowen, 1978, p. 204); Emotional cutoff which refers to a person emotionally distancing themselves in an attempt to reduce their anxiety (Bowen, 1978, p. 35); Sibling Positions which illustrate that similar characteristics are found among people who share the same order of birth and the final concept of Bowen’s Theory is Societal Emotional Process which refers to the way increased levels of anxiety within society are managed resulting in both progressive and regressive periods (Bowen Kerr 1988, p. 334) The main goal of Multi-Gener ational Therapy is to reduce chronic anxiety by increasing levels of differentiation and awareness of how the individuals emotional system functions (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 195). Reflections are not on the individual’s intra-psychic processes but on their own family’s intergenerational patterns of relationships (ibid). The therapist adopts a neutral and objective position acting as a coach. They assist family members to become their own researchers in their patterns of functioning within the context of their family system using genograms, homework and visits to family of origin (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 197). Human Validation Process Model: Virginia Satir was an American social worker, therapist and writer and is considered a pioneer in the development of family systems therapy. Her Human Validation Process Model grew from her desire to bring each family to its inherent potential and thereby achieve family ‘wellness’ (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 222). Her approach emphasises congruent communication, emotional experiencing and building the self-esteem of each family member as essential components to the therapy (ibid). Satir believed the relationship between the therapist and the family was more important than any techniques being used and she thought of the therapist as a model of effective communication and a resource for developing ways to express emotions (ibid). Jordan (2008, p. 313) illustrates the five major concepts of the Human Validation Process Model. These include: A focus on health and growth as apposed to pathology; the role of the therapist as being helping individuals to draw on their intrinsic resources to develop coping skills; symptoms and dysfunctional behaviour result from these internal resources being constrained through rigid beliefs and unrealistic expectations; systems operate with universal principles; and change is always possible and can be most effectively activated when therapists work with process rather than content. Satir used an intergenerational approach to discover family patterns and worked under the premise that our behaviour reflects what we have learned, learning is the basis of behaviour and thus to change behaviour we have to have new learning (Corey, 2005, pp. 183-185). To accomplish new learning Satir believed in creating a nurturing context where the relationship between the therapist and the family was of primary importance. Some of the various techniques Satir used included humour, touch, role-playing, reframing, family reconstruction, and family sculpture (ibid). Experiential Symbolic Family Therapy: Carl Whitaker was an American psychiatrist who is also considered a pioneer in family systems therapy. Corey (2005, pp. 183-185) describes the goals of experiential symbolic therapy, as being to increase awareness of one’s present experiencing, facilitating individual growth and more effective interactional patterns, and promoting authenticity. Whitaker’s approach was unorthodox, active and confronting and he believed that to bring about change and flexibility within a family, the therapist needed to be personally involved in the therapy (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 08). He stressed the importance of the therapist finding a balance between strong emotional confrontation and warmth and support. Several generations of a family are included in the therapy as Whitaker considered the family as an integrated whole, not as a collection of individuals. He also pioneered the use of co-therapists as a means of maintaining objectivity while using his highly provocative techni ques to turn up the emotional temperature in families (ibid). Whitaker viewed family therapy occurring across several different stages (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 15). The engagement phase sees a battle for structure ensue. During this phase it is the therapists role to set minimum standards and take control of the therapy. Following this phase a battle for initiative often sees a family become eager for the therapist to fix them or provide them with solutions but instead they are introduced to change through confrontation, exaggeration, anecdote and play. As the family progresses to a stage where they only require minimal intervention, the therapist can become more creative and provoke more spontaneous responses. Finally as the family begins to utilise more of their own resources and take on increased responsibility for their way of living the therapy moves to the separation phase where there can often be a sense of loss and sadness over the therapy terminating (ibid). Structural Family Therapy: The development of the structural approach began with Argentinean family therapist, Salvador Minuchin in the early sixties (James MacKinnon, 1986, p. 223). This approach views behaviour as a response the familial and social system in which it occurs. Problematic behaviour is maintained, not caused by the system and often only presents when the system is faced with major stresses or transitional periods (ibid). Structural family therapy views the family in terms of structure, subsystems, boundaries and hierarchies. Structure describes the repeated patterns that define family relationships, and includes the rules that govern behaviour and dictate the assumption of roles and functions. The hierarchical structure of the family describes the framework of authority, which in turn determines how conflict will be mediated (Sholevar Schwoeri, 2003, p. 40). Structural family therapy is more action focused rather than insight oriented. The therapeutic relationship in structural therapy is not emphasised. Rather a therapist will join the family system and attempt to manipulate structures, regulate intensity, and modify dysfunctional patterns with techniques such as reframing, enactment, unbalancing hierarchies and tracking of transactional sequences (Corey, 2005, pp. 183-185). Fundamental goals of this therapy are to transform the systems homeostasis, or the desire to maintain stability or the status quo, develop new structures and altering the family’s transactions (Sholevar Schwoeri, 2003, p. 9). Strategic Family Therapy: Jay Haley was an American Psychologist and Family Therapist who began working with Salvador Minuchin at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic in the late 1960’s (Corey, 2005, p. 429). Their work was very similar and widely practised by family systems therapists during the 1970’s. Both the Structu ral and Strategic models are directive and seek to modify maladaptive structures or interactional sequences within families. Similarly insight is considered unimportant and the therapeutic relationship is not considered a major component of the therapy (ibid). The structural and strategic models differences lie in the way that the family’s problems are viewed. Whilst Minuchin viewed a family’s symptoms as involuntary, Haley viewed a family’s symptoms or problems as an adaptive strategy that served a function in the system (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 277). Cloe Madanes is an American Family Therapist and Psychologist who joined her husband, Jay Haley in 1975 to form the Family Therapy Institute of Washington DC (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 277). The Haley-Madanes approach sees therapists working directively as consultants and experts. Therapy is carefully planned and goals are set to alleviate the presenting problem and problematic family structures are explored. (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 275). The primary goal of the interventions carried out by the therapists is to shift the family structures so that symptoms or the presenting problem no longer serves a function within the system (ibid). Working Systemically with Stan Corey (2005, pp. 10-15) presents a case study of a Stan, a 25-year-old male who has been mandated to attend counselling after a drink driving offence. Stan has presented as a psychology student, working in construction with problems with relationships and alcohol. As Stan has identified that most of his relationships with other people are difficult, especially those with his family of origin, working with him from a systemic perspective could be particularly beneficial. Stan has commented â€Å"although I’d like to have people in my life, I just don’t know how to go about making friends or getting close to people† (Corey, 2005, p. 14). Working systemically would assist Stan in gaining insight into his interpersonal style and how this affects his relationships. Family of origin work would provide Stan an opportunity to discover patterns of interacting that occur within his family across multiple generations. He would learn rules within his family that have dictated decisions that he has made in his life with people outside of his family and it would provide him with clarity around the difficulties he has with getting close to people. By constructing a genogram of Stan’s family it would allow him to see very clearly that problems with alcohol are a prominent pattern within his family of origin. This may be new information to Stan that he may not have conceptualised before seeing the pattern depicted visually, even if he had an awareness of particular family members who drank heavily. The genogram would be a useful tool in providing Stan many other hypotheses that could help him to comprehend some of the underlying emotional processes that occur within his family (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p194). The genogram also offers the family a way of understanding the therapeutic exploratory process in a way that is not highly emotive (ibid). By including his family in the therapy various other interactional patterns could be presented in a multi-generational context to explore how the family maintains alcohol as the problem (Corey, 2005, p. 450). Working systemically provides the therapist with more than one perspective, allowing the therapist to track interactions and to facilitate changes in the way the family communicates and interacts with each other. According to Satir, by offering the family a nurturing context in which they can gain new learning, new patterns of behaviour can emerge (Corey, 2005, pp. 83-185) and Stan can begin to experience meaningful and fulfilling relationships such as he desires without having to rely on alcohol to facilitate them. PART B- SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION THERAPIES Social constructionism has brought about a therapeutic perspective where truth and reality are viewed as being subjectively bound by history and context as opposed to objective, irrefutable facts (Corey, 2005, p. 385). In postmod ern thinking there has been a shift from experts assigning meaning to an individuals experience to a more collaborative approach where the client is considered the expert and therapists the consultants (ibid). Social constructionists challenge conventional knowledge, they encourage suspicion of assumptions of reality, they assert that language and concepts used to form meaning are historically and culturally specific, and that what we consider to be truth is constructed through social processes (Corey, 2005, p. 386). This section will outline two modalities of social construction therapies and then apply them to the case study of Stan. Solution Focused Brief Therapy Steve de Shazer was an American Social Worker, Psychotherapist and author who along with his wife, Korean born Social Worker and Psychotherapist Insoo Kim Berg, founded the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in 1978 (Simon, p. 27. 2010). Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) differs from traditional psychotherapy where the therapist’s focus is on problem formation and problem resolution. Instead, SFBT focuses on client strengths and internal resources by exploring previous solutions and exceptions to the problem, and then, through a series of interventions, encourages clients to do more of those behaviours (Macdonald, 2007, p. ). Therapists allow clients to determine the goals of therapy and assume a respectful, cooperative stance where interventions are delivered within the client’s context of understanding, often in the client’s own language or phrases (Macdonald, 2007, pp. 7-8). Whilst a set number of sessions are not necessarily contracted at the outset of therapy, therapists will usually see clients an average of three times with the principle of minimal intervention reducing the need for extensive histories to be gained by the therapists or in depth explanations of the difficulties to be offered (O’Connell, 2005, p19). SFBT is a future-focused, goal-directed approach that uses questions designed to identify exceptions, or times when the problem doesn’t occur, solutions and scales to measure where the client currently is in relation to their goal and discover behaviours needed achieve further progress towards their goals (Corey, 2005, p394). Miracle questions are used to encourage clients to dream, as a way of finding out what they most want and providing a description of life without the problem (ibid). SFBT also uses homework, pre-therapy change exploration, compliments and bridging to elicit change (ibid). Narrative Therapy Michael White was an Australian Social Worker, author and Psychotherapist who developed Narrative Therapy with his colleague, New Zealand Social Worker and Psychotherapist David Epston (Piercy, Sprenkle Wetchler, 1996, p133). White and Epston believed that individuals form meanings of life through interpretive and often negative dominant stories that are treated as absolute truths and internalized. They referred to this as a problem saturation, which doesn’t allow people to see the times when they don’t have the problem or their dominant story (ibid). A Narrative approach will externalise the problem to allow a person to challenge its influence on their lives and re-write their story with a richer alternative narrative (ibid). Narrative therapists will adopt a collaborative approach to assist the client to form a name for the problem, explore how the problem has been impacting the client, discover times when the problem hasn’t been present or occurring and encourage the client to find alternative meanings and stories with new language and perspectives (Corey, 2005, p. 398-399). The narrative approach emphasises the importance of optimism, respect, curiosity, persistence and valuing the client’s knowledge (ibid). Techniques that are used by therapists include externalization, deconstruction, searching for unique outcomes, creating alternative stories and re-authoring, providing an audience to the changes the client is making through encouraging clients to share their successes with others, writing letters to the clients and jointly writing case notes with the clients to lesson the power differential between therapists and clients (Piercy et al, 1996 p. 33-134). Working with Stan from a Social Construction Perspective In working with Stan from a social construction approach, the therapist would assume that Stan is the expert on his life and that the therapist’s role is as a collaborative consultant (Corey, 2005, p. 504). Stan has already identified his goals to be having more people in his life, finding a career where he can make a difference to others, feel equal to others, and find more helpful ways of coping (Corey, 2005, p. 14). The therapist would assist Stan to further define these goals and explores skills that he already possesses to assist him to achieve these goals. Combining a narrative and solution focused approach, the therapist would empower Stan to draw on his internal resources to make the changes he desires and achieve the goals he has identified rather than seeking to understand the source or history of his problems (Corey, 2005, p. 504). The value of working this way is that alcohol and Stan’s fear of relationships are externalized and he is offered the opportunity to re-author the story of his life. Using a social constructionist approach, a therapist would focus on Stan’s strengths, explore the exceptions and encourage Stan to harness these skills so that he can experience more of the positive outcomes he has achieved at these times (Macdonald, 2007, p. 1). Stan’s identified determination, ‘guts to leave his shady past behind’ and acceptance into college would be hi-lighted and the times that he has successfully worked with young people at youth camps would be explored as an exception (Corey, 2005, pp. 12-13). Stan would be encouraged to utilise these solutions in other areas of his life where he feels defined by his problems. Stan has previously experienced the benefits of having his strengths witnessed by an audience and described his youth camp supervisor’s confidence in him as a â€Å"major turning point† (Corey, 2005, p. 13). To further this experience a therapist could encourage Stan to identify people such as family members, his peers or perhaps his supervisor to become ‘outsider witnesses’ and at an appropriate stage of therapy these witnesses would be invited in to hear Stan’s revised and re-authored life narrative (Payne, 2006, p. 16). In conclusion, by undertaking a review of a variety of both systemic and social construction therapies and then applying both ways of working to the case study of Stan provides clarity around the effectiveness of both approaches when working with either an individual or a family. It would seem that using an integrated methodology has much to offer both the client and the practitioner in meeting the particular needs of families and individuals presenting for therapy. REFERENCE LIST Adler, A. (1929) The Science of Living. George Allen Unwin: London Boeree, J. (2006) Personality Theories. Alfred Adler [Online], Available: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/adler. html Accessed 16/08/2010 at 6. 15pm Bowen, M (1978) Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Aronson: New Jersey Bowen, M. (1994) Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Aronson: New York Brown, J. (2007) Going Home Again: A family of origin approach to individual therapy. Psychotherapy in Australia, Vol. 14:1, 12-18 Corey, G. (2005) Student Manual for Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy 7th ed. Brooks/Cole Thompson: California Goldenberg, I Goldenberg, H. (2008) Family Therapy: An Overview. Thomson Brooks/Cole: California James, K MacKinnon, K. (1986) Theory and Practice of Structural Family Therapy: Illustration and Critique. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, Vol. 7:4, 223-233 Jordan, K. (2008) The Quick Theory Reference Guide: A Resource of Expert and Novice Mental Health Professionals. Nova Science Publishers: New York Kerr, M Bowen M. (1988) Family Evaluation. Norton Co: New York O’Connell, B. (2005) Solution-Focused Therapy. Sage Publications: London Payne, M. (2006) Narrative Therapy: an introduction for counsellors. Sage Publications: London Piercy, F, Sprenkle, D Wetchler, J. (1996) Family Therapy Sourcebook. The Guildford Press: New York Sherman, R Dinkmeyer, D. (1987) Systems of Family Therapy: an Adlerian Integration. Brunner-Routledge: New York Sholevar, G Schwoeri, L. (2003) Textbook of family and couples therapy: clinical applications. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc: Virginia Simon, J. (2010) Solution Focused Practice in End-of-Life Counseling. Springer Publishing: New York Sweeny, T. (1989) Adlerian Counseling. A Practical Approach for a New Decade (3rd ed. ). Accelerated Development: Muncie, IN.

Situation Analysis, Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Situation Analysis, - Assignment Example The sales for coffee have kept on increasing over the last decade despite a time of financial downturn. This is because this is a beverage that has a lasting demand among the community. Therefore, the main purpose of my business plan is to provide people with a place to enjoy their coffees, beverages and certain food products in, so that they are attracted by the quality and creativity that I have attempted to bring about with the help of my plan. (Weitzman, H. 2006) Target Market I wish to provide the age bracket of 14-28 years a place, so that they are able to come, relax and enjoy good food and coffee, and at the same time, get their work done, meet their friends and just have a bit of change away from home. I feel I will be able to carry out this project very well since I have excellent interpersonal skills and also a very dynamic personality. Market Description Expansion and diversification is what will keep the spirit of my firm alive. In the future, I plan to move on to supply ing my products not only to those who visit the coffee house but also to others with the help of stationed trailers in different parts of the city, and/or expanding the unit of my coffee house in order to create a chain of such businesses. I will be able to generate a large amount of employment as well with the help of the core team that I do employ, apart from which I will also be hiring a small group of people to do my research and development. Slowly and gradually, the coffee house is also likely to attract older people as they can also sit and work and enjoy a different kind of meal or desserts that are not really found elsewhere. Therefore, I aim to bring about product differentiation within my venture in order to attract more customers. It is also very essential that while beginning a venture one must think about how to market it. It is given that a ready market is already available, which includes the buyers of the product and thus the entrepreneur needs to think of ways of m aking the product reach the potential customers. (Hawes, Daryl) This brings us to the advertisement and publicity in terms of the marketing mix that the venture will be popularized by. I am only making use of word of mouth and internet mediums in the beginning, and later will move on to making use of the print media. In the future, I do hope that my venture is therefore successful and I am able to with all that I have planned; carry out a business of a coffee shop while keeping all the barriers in mind and trying to overcome them at the same time. This will hopefully bring me at par with the leading coffee business in the world today and put me on the top. Competitors and Products I am aware that there are many competitors in this industry such as Starbucks. If I follow the same strategy as those competitors, my business will fail. Therefore, in this business I would like to focus on quality rather than quantity and keep the business small at the beginning and eventually expand the business in the future. (2009, Fortune Magazine) SWOT Analysis Strengths Aviano Coffee has already been established well in another country which will give me the opportunity and chance to bring it to the people of the UAE easily. I have a number of friends within the age bracket of the target market, and thus have spoken to them regarding what

Use atleast 2 primary sources and analyze those sources that are Essay

Use atleast 2 primary sources and analyze those sources that are historical events in American history after 1900 - Essay Example When the First World War was declared in 1914, America adopted a policy of isolation and neutrality because many Americans could not believe Europe was ready to descend into greater depths in war, as depicted by the trench warfare adopted in the course of the war (Zieger 63). Even though small groups in America like American-French and American Germans supported the country’s involvement in the war, the majority of Americans favored Woodrow Wilson’s approach to remain neutral, as he needed to listen to public opinion in order to guarantee re-election in 2016 (Zieger 4). As a result, Wilson took control of foreign policy issues because the causes of war extended beyond race, as seen in the world war. America’ neutrality was based on a premise that a European war would not interfere with American interests, as trade continued unabated, but threatening America’s interest after Germany sank the Lusitania prompted America to join the war in 1917. The French, British, Germans, and Austro-Hungarians who led their nations to war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand made many errors, but their worst miscalculation was neglect of the American factor, especially in case of a prolonged war (Zieger 104). America keenly followed rapidly unfolding events in the international arena and seized the opportunity to influence the war transformed international arena positively in its favor by declaring war on Germany in 1917 after the sinking of Lusitania. America exploited its neutrality not only to facilitate trade in the international arena in the event of war, but also to strategize to take the glory of the war and challenge Western hegemony, and the Zimmerman note provided an opportunity for America to prepare for full-scale war in 1918 (Zieger 160). The Zimmerman letter was a telegram sent by Arthur Zimmermann, German

Environmental Law Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmental Law Research Paper - Essay Example The issues to be considered are the chances of successfully bringing about a review of the SSEP on the basis of the critical nature of environmental issues raised and options available for litigation and arbitration, should the need arise. The major legal aspects that arise in this connection are the standing provisions available to members of the public, EIA provisions and the status of the Great Barrier Reefs as a Heritage area. Oil shale is a sedimentary rock which contains the hydrocarbon Kerogen or fossilized algae, which can only be liberated by the application of heat, so that the hydrocarbon is released as vapor which when cooled becomes oil1. Gladstone in the Queensland area has about 20 billion barrels worth of shale oil available from silica based deposits that are projected to provide enough oil for Australia for 50 years.2 However the problem with the use of oil shales is that there are higher emissions of greenhouse gases produced. The Stuart Oil Shale project was developed at Gladstone by Southern Pacific Petroleum and the Queensland Government had approved the Company’s Environmental Impact Statement and approved stage 1 of the project.3 The trial Plant has been in operation until it was transferred to the Queensland Energy resources (Management) Pty Ltd after February 20044 with simultaneous environmental assessment being carried out.5 The Ross Smith Energy group of Calgary, Canada carried out an independent assessment of the Shale oil project as Gladstone and offered a positive assessment, although it qualified in its report that the relative benefits of the ATP technology being used would have to be determined during the second stage.6 There was widespread opposition from members of the public and environmental groups to the shale oil project at Gladstone due to its adverse environmental impact. Greenhouse emissions from stage 2 were projected to be four times higher than that of normal oil

Superconducting Transition Temperature Determination

Superconducting Transition Temperature Determination Fabrication of YBa2Cu3O7-ÃŽÂ ´ and Determination of its Superconducting Transition Temperature A superconducting material is one which below a certain critical temperature exhibits, amongst other remarkable traits; a total lack of resistivity, perfect diamagnetism and a change in the character of the specific heat capacity. The BCS theory describes perfectly the phenomenon of superconductivity in low temperature superconductors, but cannot explain the interaction mechanism in high temperature superconductors. In order to determine the superconducting transition temperature of two laboratory fabricated batches of YBCO their resistivity and specific heat capacity were measured as functions of temperature. From resistivity measurements the two batches were found to have transition temperatures of 86.8( ±0.8)K and 87.8( ±0.4)K respectively which were used to infer their oxygen contents of 6.82( ±0.01) and 6.83( ±0.01) atoms per molecule respectively. These agreed with XRD data and the literature upper value of the transition temperature of 95K (with an oxygen content of 6.95). Specific heat capacity measurements of the first batch gave questionable confirmation of these results, but could not be performed on the second batch due to time constraints. 19 January 2010Page 14 of 14Josephine Butler College I. Introduction and Theory A superconducting material is defined as one in which a finite fraction of the electrons are condensed into a superfluid, which extends over the entire volume of the system and is capable of motion as a whole. At zero temperature the condensation is complete and all of the electrons participate in the forming of the superfluid. As the temperature of the material approaches the superconducting transition temperature (or critical temperature, given by Tc) the fraction of electrons within the superfluid tends to zero and the system undergoes a second order phase transition from a superconducting to a normal state.[i] The phenomenon of superconductivity was first observed by Kamerlingh Onnes in Leiden in 1911 during an electrical analysis of mercury at low temperatures. He found that at a temperature around 4K the resistance of mercury fell abruptly to a value which could not be distinguished from zero.[iii] The next great leap in experimental superconductivity came in 1986 when MÃÆ' ¼ller and Bednorz fabricated the first cuprate superconductor[v]. After its lack of resistivity one of the most striking features of a superconductor is that it exhibits perfect diamagnetism. First seen in 1933 by Meissner and Ochsenfeld, diamagnetism in superconductors manifests itself in two ways. The first manifestation occurs when a superconducting material in the normal state is cooled past the critical temperature and then placed in a magnetic field which will then be excluded from the superconductor. The second appears when a superconductor (in its normal state) is placed in a magnetic field and the flux is allowed to penetrate. If it is then cooled past the critical temperature it will expel the magnetic flux in a phenomenon know as the Meissner effect.[vi] This can be seen qualitatively in figure 1. In 1957, Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer managed to construct a wave function in which electrons are paired. Know as the BCS theory of superconductivity it is used as a complete microscopic theory for superconductivity in metals. One of the key features of the BCS theory is the prediction of an energy gap, the consequences of which are the thermal and most of the electromagnetic properties of superconducting materials. The key conceptual element to this theory is the formation of Cooper pairs close to the Fermi level. Although direct electrostatic interactions between electrons are repulsive it is possible for the distortion of the positively charged ionic lattice by the electron to attract other electrons. Thus, screening by ionic motion can yield a net, attractive interaction between electrons (as long as they have energies which are separated by less than the energy of a typical phonon) causing them to pair up, albeit over long distances. Given that these electrons can experience a net attraction it is not unreasonable that the electrons might form bound pairs, effectively forming composite bosons with integer spin of either 0 or 1. This is made even more likely by the influence of the remaining electrons on the interacting pair. The BCS theory takes this idea one step further and constructs a ground state in which all of the electrons form bound pairs. This electron-phonon interaction invariably leads to one of the three experimental proofs of the BCS theory. A piece of theory known as the isotope effect provided a crucial key to the development of the BCS theory. It was found that for a given element the super conducting transition temperature, TC, was inversely proportional to the square root of the isotope mass, M (equation 1). TCà ¢Ã‹â€ ?M-12 (1)[vii] This same relationship holds for characteristic vibrational frequencies of atoms in a crystal lattice and therefore proves that the phenomenon of superconductivity in metals is related to the vibrations of the lattice through which the electrons move. However this only holds true for low temperature superconductors (a fact which will be discussed in more detail at a later stage in this section). Both of the two further experimental proofs of BCS theory come from the energy gap in the superconducting material. The first proof is in the fact that it was predicted and actually exists (figure 2) and the second lies in its temperature dependence. From band theory, energy bands are a consequence of a static lattice structure. However, in a superconducting material, the energy gap is much smaller and results from the attractive force between the electrons within the lattice. This gap occurs Ά either side of the Fermi level, EF, and in conventional superconductors arises only below TC and varies with temperature (as shown in figure 3). Figure 2: Dependence of the superconducting and normal density of states, DS and Dn respectively. From Superconductivity, Poole, C.P., Academic Press (2005), page164 At zero Kelvin all of the electrons in the material are accommodated below the energy gap and a minimum energy of 2Ά must be supplied in order to excite them across the gap. BCS theory predicts equation 2 which has since been experimentally proven, ΆT=0=CkBTC (2) [viii] where theoretically the constant C is 1.76 although experimentally in real superconductors it can vary between 1.75 and 2.45. Figure 3: Temperature dependence of the BCS gap function, Ά. Adapted from The Superconducting State, A.D.C. Grassie, Sussex University Press (1975), page43 As before stated it has been found that the first of these BCS proofs does not hold for high temperature superconductors. In these materials it has been found that in the relation stated as equation 1, the exponential tends towards zero as opposed to minus one half. This indicates that for high temperature superconductors it is not the electron-phonon interaction that gives rise to the superconducting state. Numerous interactions have been explored in an attempt to try and determine the interaction responsible for high temperature superconductivity but so far none have been successful. Figure 4: A plot of TC against TF derived from penetration depth measurements. Taken from Magnetic-field penetration depth in K3C60 measured by muon spin relaxation, Uemura Y.J. et al. Nature (1991) 352, page 607. In figure 4 it can be seen that the superconducting elements constrained by BCS theory lie far from the vast majority of new high temperature superconducting materials which appear to lie on a line parallel to TF, the Fermi temperature and TB, the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature, indicating a different interaction method. One of the most extensively studied properties of the superconductor is its specific heat capacity and how its behaviour changes with temperature (seen in figure 5). It is known that above the transition temperature the normal state specific heat of a material, Cn, can be given by equation 3 (below) which consists of a linear term from the conduction electrons and a cubic phonon term (the addition Schottky contribution has been ignored in this case and ÃŽÂ ³ and A are constants). Cn=ÃŽÂ ³T+AT3 (3)[ix] Due to the aforementioned energy gap it is also predicted by BCS theory that at the superconducting transition temperature there will be a discontinuity in the specific heat capacity of the material of the order 1.43 as seen in equation 4 (where CS is the superconducting state heat capacity) and figure 5. CS-ÃŽÂ ³TCÃŽÂ ³TC=1.43 (4)[x] However for high temperature superconductors this ratio is likely to be much smaller due to a large contribution from the phonon term in the normal state specific heat capacity. Figure 5: Heat Capacity of Nb in the normal and superconducting states showing the sharp discontinuity at TC. Taken from The Solid State Third Edition, H.M Rosenberg, Oxford University Press (1988), page 245 Now that the concept of the high temperature superconductor has been explained this report can return to one of the initial concepts of how the behaviour of resistivity changes with temperature. A low temperature superconductor is likely to obey the T5 Bloch law at low temperatures and so its resistivity will fall to zero in a non-linear region. In contrast the resistivity of a high temperature superconductor should fall to zero before it leaves the linear region. The resistivity profile of a high temperature superconductor can also be used to determine its purity. By comparing the range of temperatures over which the transition occurs with the transition temperature itself an indicator of purity can be determined (equation 5, where PI is the purity indicator and ΆT the magnitude of the region over which the transition occurs). In this case a value of zero would indicate a perfectly pure sample. ΆTTC=PI (5)[xi] Other than for scientific purposes, within the laboratory, the biggest application of superconductors at the moment is to produce to the large, stable magnetic fields required for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Due to the costliness of high temperature superconductors the magnets used in these applications are usually low temperature superconductors. It is for this same reason that the commercial applications of high temperature superconductors are still extremely limited (that and the fact that all high temperature superconducting materials discovered so far are brittle ceramics which cannot be shaped into anything useful e.g. wires). Yttrium barium copper oxide (or YBCO) is just one of the aforementioned high temperature, cuprate superconductors. Its crystal structure consists of two CuO2 planes, held apart by a single atom of yttrium, either side of which sits a BaO plane followed by Cu-O chains. This can be seen in greater detail in figure 6. Figure 6: The orthorhombic structure of YBCO required for superconductivity. Adapted from High-Temperature Superconductivity in Curpates, A. Mourachkine, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002), page 40 If the structure only has 6 atoms of oxygen per unit cell then the Cu-O chains do not exist and the compound behaves as an antiferromagnetic insulator. In order to create the Cu-O chains and for the compound to change to a superconductor at low temperatures it has to be doped gradually with oxygen. The superconducting state has been found to exist in compounds with oxygen content anywhere from 6.4 to 7 with optimal doping being found to occur at an oxygen content of about 6.95.[xii] This report intends to determine the superconducting transition temperature of a laboratory fabricated sample of YBCO. This will be achieved by measuring how both its resistivity and specific heat capacity vary as a function of temperature. II.I Fabrication and Calibration Methods To ensure an even firing of the sample within the furnace and to find out where in the furnace the heating profile was closest to that of the actual heating program, three temperature profiles of the furnace were taken while heating. The length of the furnace was measured with a metre ruler and found to be 35 ±1cm. Four k-type thermocouples were then evenly spaced (every 11.5 ±0.5cm) along the length of it, as can be seen in figure 7 below. Figure 7: Transverse section of the furnace. Thermocouples are numbered 1 to 4 and the length of the furnace surrounded by heating coils is shown in green, blocked at either end by a radiation shield. Temperature profiles were taken for each of the temperature programs displayed in figure 8; all started at room temperature and were left to run until the temperature displayed by the thermocouples had stopped increasing. Figure 8: Details of furnace programs used to obtain the temperature profiles shown in section III. While this was being done samples of YBCO were fabricated. The chemical equation for the fabrication of YBCO is as follows in equation 6 and the amounts of the reactants required to fabricate 0.025 mol are displayed in figure 9 Y2O3+4BaCO3+6CuIIOà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  2YBa2Cu3O7-ÃŽÂ ´ (6) Figure 9: Quantities of reactants required to fabricate 0.025 mol YBCO. Relative molecular masses (RMMs) calculated using relative atomic masses The procedure for fabrication can be seen in figure 10 and using this technique two batches of YBCO were fabricated, the first yielded just one pellet and the second batch yielded four. Figure 10: Describes the steps taken during fabrication of superconducting YBCO samples. In order to obtain a more accurate value of the temperature within the sample space of the cryostat the resistance of a platinum thermometer was measured as a function of temperature. In order to do this a Pt100 platinum thermometer was varnished to one side of a cryostat probe and connected via a four point probe to a power source (as can be seen in figure 11), an ammeter and a voltmeter (Keithley 2000 DMMs). The ammeter and the voltmeter were connected to a computer in order that live data could be fed straight into a LabView program (appendix 2) which would record the data to both a much great accuracy and precision than could be done by a human. Although a stable and constant current was used it was felt, in the interest of good practise, necessary to add the live feed ammeter into the LabView program as tiny fluctuations in current could have potentially changed results which would not have been noticed otherwise. The probe was then placed in the sample space which was subsequently vacuumed (to a pressure of 810-4 Torr) and flushed with helium twice. The sample space was then left full of helium due to its high thermal conductivity. The cryostat was cooled with liquid nitrogen to a temperature of approximately 77K and the LabView program left to record the change in the resistance of the platinum thermometer (using Ohms law, V=IR) and its corresponding temperature (from the intelligent temperature controller or ITC) while the cryostat heated up naturally. The temperature increase function of the program was not used as leaving the cryostat to heat up as slowly as possible allowed data to be gathered over a much greater period of time which lead to a relationship with less error. This relationship was plotted in order that the temperature dependant resistance profile of the platinum thermometer could be incorporated into the LabView program for use in future experiments to determine more accura tely the temperature of the sample space. While this was being done the dimensions of the cut samples were measured using vernier callipers and weighed in order to determine a density for YBCO. Each dimension was measured six times (to reduce random error) by two different people (to reduce systematic error). The off cuts of each batch of YBCO were then sent off for X-ray diffraction analysis in order to determine the chemical composition of the fabricated samples. The diffraction was carried out using a wavelength of 1.54184Ç º. II.II Fabrication and Calibration Results, Analysis and Interpretation The three temperature profiles of the furnace can be seen below in figure 12. The results are slightly skewed due to one end of the furnace having been left open in order to allow the thermocouples to sit inside the furnace. This can be seen back in figure 7. The measurements were taken by eye over a 10 second time period. It was therefore decided that the errors on the time should be  ±5 seconds and the error on the temperature  ±1K, both of which are unfortunately too small to be seen on the profiles. The data points were fitted to cubic curves as this best matched the physical behaviour of the heating. Figure 12: Temperature profiles of the furnace. The temperature of the program is shown in black crosses and the temperatures of thermocouples 1, 2, 3 and 4 are shown in yellow, red, green and blue respectively. It can immediately be seen from figure 12 that, during the initial stages of heating, the temperatures of all of the thermocouples lag behind that of the furnace program, specifically those of the thermocouples at the open end of the furnace (1 and 2). This can be accounted for due to poor thermal insulation at the open end of the furnace. It can also be seen that as the furnace reaches its required temperature and begins its dwell time the temperatures of the thermocouples continue to rise for a short duration before also levelling out. The most likely reason for this is that once the furnace reaches its required temperature the program will instantaneously cut the current to the heating coils. They will still however have thermal energy in them which will leach through the ceramic inner of the furnace into the firing space itself. Another striking feature of the profiles that can be seen is that the longer the furnace has to reach the required temperature, the more linear the increase in temperature is throughout the furnace. It was therefore deduced that had the furnace been sealed at both ends with radiation rods and covers, then the centre of the furnace would be that which had a temperature profile closest to that of the furnace program. It was also decided that in order to ensure a steady, linear rate of heating, a slower increase in temperature would be used. The masses of the batches before and after calcinations were compared and were found to have decreased by an average of 2.44( ±0.01)% of their initial masses. This was expected as one of the by-products created during the calcination of BaCO3 is CO2 which would have been removed from the furnace during this heating period therefore reducing the mass of the compound. The weights of the samples from batch two before and after annealing were compared and it was found that each of the samples of YBCO had increased in mass by an average of 3.51( ±0.03)% of their initial masses. This was unexpected as during the annealing process the compound is reduced and so should lose mass. One possible explanation for this could be a simultaneous reduction and oxygen doping of the compound in order to try and fill the copper and oxygen chains shown in figure 6. The densities of both batches of YBCO were calculated by weighing each of the samples from that batch and dividing their masses by their measured volumes. The densities of batches one and two were found to be 5.25( ±0.04)gcm-3 and 3.5( ±0.1)gcm-3 respectively. The greater error stated with the value of the density of the second batch of YBCO is a result of an error on the mean being taken whereas the error on the density of the first batch is merely propagated from those of its volume and mass as there was only one sample. When literature values of the density of YBCO were consulted it was found that the compound has a variable density of anywhere from 4.4 to 5.3gcm-3.[xiii] When comparing this range to the experimentally determined values of this parameter it was found that the density of the first batch lay just inside the range whilst the density of the second batch lay well outside of the lower end of it. One possible reason for the very low value of the density of batch two could be that its samples were left in the press for less time than batch one during sintering. All samples were checked to see whether they exhibited the Meissner effect. All did and a photograph showing this can be seen below in figure 13 The X-ray analysis of the two laboratory fabricated batches of YBCO can be seen in figure 14 below. The intensities were recorded every 0.01 degrees and then scaled appropriately using the greatest intensity in order that they could be compared to each other. As can be seen in figure 14 when both data sets are overlaid negligible differences can be seen. This indicates that both batches have almost identical chemical compositions and structure. A reasonable amount of background noise can be seen accompanied by an offset from zero intensity which changes in magnitude as the angle of diffraction increases. This can be accounted for by two factors. The first being tiny random impurities in the batches obtained by fabrication outside of a totally clean environment. The second is that small levels of the initial reactants may have not formed the required compound during calcination and annealing. A standard diffraction pattern of YBCO produced using the same wavelength of radiation was taken from The Chemical Database Service and can be seen below in figure 15. When this is compared to the patterns of the two laboratory fabricated samples in figure 14 all of the same intensity peaks can clearly be identified. This would indicate that YBCO had been successfully fabricated. Figure 15: X-Ray diffraction pattern of YBCO6. Calculation of the structural parameters of YBa2Cu3O7-ÃŽÂ ´ and YBa2Cu4O8 under pressure, Ludwig H. A. et al., Physica C (1992) 197, 113-122. It was expected that the comparison of standard diffraction patterns of YBCO of different oxygen contents with those fabricated within the laboratory would allow their oxygen content to be deduced. This, however, could not be achieved as all of the standard patterns of YBCO found in journals and online databases from oxygen contents of 6 to 7 had extremely similar diffraction patterns. The resistance of the platinum thermometer was plotted against temperature and can be seen in figure 16. A linear relationship was fitted to the data as seen in figure 16 which produced a reduced chi squared value of 1.317 and equation 7. T=2.4958( ±0.0007)R+25.54( ±0.04) (7) The reduced chi value indicates a strong linear relationship while the equation of the line gives a resistance of 99.2( ±0.2)ÃŽÂ © at a temperature of 273.2( ±0.1)K. When compared to the technical data for this component which gives a resistance of 100.00ÃŽÂ ©[xiv] at a temperature of 273.15K, it shows very close correspondence although not within error. A temperature of one less significant figures accuracy had to be used in this calculation due to the inability of the ITC to measure temperature to any more than one decimal place. This slight difference between the reference and experimental values of the resistance of the Pt100 at a given temperature can be accounted for by the position of the ITCs heat sensor. This lies just outside of the sample space and would cause the ITCs heat sensor to detect a small increase in temperature before it was received by the Pt100 within the sample space. Thus causing the Pt100 to lag behind in temperature (even if only slightly) and would therefore cause the slightly lower resistance for the given temperature as calculated above and can be seen as a very slight systematic error. III.I Resistivity Methods One of the cut samples was fixed to the other side of the probe to the Pt100 with thermally insulating varnish and four copper wire contacts were painted onto it with electrically conductive silver paint. The separation of each of the four wires was measured with vernier callipers six times each by two different people for the same reasons as before and recorded for later calculation. A four point probe resistance measurement was used in order to avoid the indirect measuring of resistances other than just the sample resistance. The contact resistance and spreading resistance are also normally measured by a simple two point resistance measurement. The four point probe uses two separate contacts to carry current and two to measure the voltage (in order to set up a uniform current density across the sample) and can be seen in figure 17. In a four point probe the current carrying probes will still be subject to the extra resistances but this will not be true for the voltage probes which should draw little to no current due to the high impedance of the voltmeter. The potential, V, at a distance ,r, from an electrode carrying a current, I, in a material of resistivity, à ?, can be expressed by V=à ?I2à Ã¢â€š ¬r=à ?I2à Ã¢â€š ¬1S1+1S3-1S1+S2-1S2+S3 (8)[xv] where r has also been expressed in terms of the contact separations (figure 17). This can be rearranged in order to calculate the value of the resistivity of material being measured. The probe was once again inserted into the cryostat and the cryostat was cooled as detailed in section II.I. Once the sample had reached a temperature equal to that of the boiling point of liquid nitrogen a LabView program was left to run which recorded the resistance of the sample and its corresponding temperature. The program used to do this can be seen in appendix 2. Although a temperature increase function was built into the program, the cryostat was left to warm up naturally for the same reason used when calibrating the platinum thermometer. The set up for this can be seen below in figure 18. Figure 18. Schematic for the resistivity experiment. Vacuum pumps and pressure gauges have been omitted as well as the heater on the ITC as none of the bear any real relevance to the experiment. Data cables are shown in red, Pt100 in blue and sample in grey. This was repeated for each sample of fabricated YBCO at least twice and their temperature dependant resistivity profiles can be seen in section III.II III.II Resistivity Results, Analysis and Interpretations The resistance profile of the sample from the first batch was measured twice and these profiles can be seen in figure 19. Unfortunately it was not possible on this occasion to measure the four point probe contact separations on this first sample before it was removed and so these profiles could not be adjusted to those of resistivity using equation 8. However, as this transformation is simply a stretch in the y-axis, it does not change the behaviour of the transition or the value of the transition temperature obtained from the profile. It can be seen in figure 19 that although the first profile cuts out at approximately a temperature of 190 Kelvin, both profiles follow virtually the same path until that point. The first profile cuts out early due to data points being taken once every second causing the program to fail and shut down. The number of data points was then cut to one every three seconds for subsequent experiments. With measurements being taken automatically by computer (and with the Keithley multimeters ability to measure currents and voltages to 7 significant figures) the errors on the resistance were negligible ( ±0.003% of the value of the resistance) and so can not be seen in figure 19. The same is true of the errors on the temperature. Assuming that equation 7 is correct then with a  ±0.003% error on any calculated resistance, the temperature of the sample space should only have an error of  ±0.04K. Had each of the samples been perfectly pure their profiles would have a very sharp transition between the states and the transition temperature would be very clear. However as a result of the broadening of this transition due to the impurity of the samples a temperature could not be clearly defined. Had powerful enough graphing software been to hand and were the profile able to be fitted to any know curve on this software, the most reliable way to find the transition temperature would have been to plot the first derivative of resistivity with respect to temperature and then determine its maximum (corresponding to the point of inflection within the transition). This not being the case the temperature of the transition was approximated to be the temperature at the half way point in the drop between the two states. To ascertain at which points on the profile the change in state began and ended, separate lines of linear regression were fitted to the linear data in both the normal state and the superconducting state. These two lines of regression were extended closer and closer to the transition from either side until the adjusted R2 value of the lines of best fit was 0.999, which indicated an excellent linear fit. It was found upon inspection that the mid-point of the transition could be defined in two different ways; the mid point in resistivity and the mid point in temperature (the mid-point in resistivity obviously corresponding to slightly a different temperature than that found at the mid point of the temperature). This was due to a slight skew in the transition in the profile and so in order to clearly define the superconducting transition temperature a clearer approximation from the one stated before had to be made. It was therefore approximated that the temperature corresponding to the mid point in resistivity should be averaged with the mid point in temperature on the x-axis and the error be the temperature either side of this average value which either previous mid value lay. This can be seen more clearly in figure 20. Figure 20: Shows the method used to calculate the superconducting transition temperature using an expanded view of the first profile in figure 19. Lines of linear regression are shown in black either side of the area in which the transition occurs (in yellow). Both temperatures can be seen highlighted by dashed lines. By the use of this method it was determined that the transition temperatures for both of the profiles in figure 19 were 87.6( ±0.9)K and 86.0( ±0.4)K for the first and second profiles respectively. Although these do not agree with each other (within the confines set by the errors) an average was taken and found to be 86.8( ±0.8)K. The purity indicator was also calculated for each profil

Internet Security Essay -- Essays Papers

Internet Security Security is crucial to any flourishing society such as the one in which we Americans live today. Imagine if there was no law enforcement in New York City. No one except criminals would dare to walk down the streets. People would live in fear every day. No one would work and no one could enjoy nature and the outdoors. We would all barricade ourselves indoors, only daring to venture outside into the dangerous world when we absolutely needed to. Everything would be different. Thinking of the Internet as a society, or a global community, one can also apply this notion of the importance of security. Imagine if everyone had access to all the files on every individual's and every business's computers. It would be the same as if all stores in a city were open to the public 24 hours, 7 days a week with all merchandise available for free, and all citizens' homes, credit cards, family heirlooms, etc. as well. It would be anarchy, it would be disastrous. In America today, citizens generally feel safe. We feel safe not only from our neighbors, but also from attacks by foreign countries. We have the most advanced military defense systems, and we've proven ourselves to be a powerhouse in recent years like in the Persian Gulf War. For a while, many of us perhaps even felt like America was invulnerable. On September 11 of this year 2001, we learned otherwise. We learned that America did have security holes. We learned first-hand about the horrors that criminals could bestow to us as a nation. Similarly, throughout the last 20 or so years, the Internet has harnessed a wide variety of criminals committing new kinds of crimes. What's more, everyone is at risk, the rich and the poor, m... ...5(4), 161-185. Popular print information source: Bansal, Parveen. (2001, November). Updating the Hole in the Wall. The Banker, 151, 81. Electronic scholarly journal article: Schultza, Eugene E, Proctorb, Robert W., Lienb, Mei-Ching, & Salvendy, Gavriel. (October, 2001). Computers & Security. Retrieved December 8, 2001 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science%3f_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=5870&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=0&md5=7ad5f679d398b70e02e99cc968692dda Reliable multimedia video/audio online: The Morning Show: Internet Security. Retrieved December 10, 2001 from http://search.npr.org/cf/cmn/cmnpd01fm.cfm%3fPrgDate=2%2F16%2F2000&PrgID=3 Reliable web site: National Institute of Standards and Technology. (January 19, 2001). Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Fact Sheet. Retrieved December 8, 2001 from http://csrc.nist.gov/encryption/aes/aesfact.html

Of all the characters in the Crucible Essay

Of all the characters in the Crucible, John Proctor is perhaps the most admirable. He has strong personal principles and the courage to stand by them. Proctor strives to do what is right. He tries very hard to please Elizabeth because his affair with Abigail Williams has left him with a guilty conscience. In Act 2, he compliments Elizabeth’s rabbit stew, even though much of it is his own work. † It’s well seasoned, † he says. He labors constantly, for her well being, believing that this will make their relationship successful. Proctors first appearance, in Act 1, is his arrival from chopping wood in the forest. During much of Act 1 he is working. For example, he returns from a hunting trip and from planting seeds in his garden, on a cold winters day. Proctor believes in discipline and can be very strict if he needs to. As is illustrated in Act 2. Mary Warren disobeys him and goes to the Salem trials as an official. On her return, he scolds her shouting, â€Å"I’ll official you†¦ I’ll whip the devil out of you! † He is against the trials, perhaps because he was never a strong Christian. In Act 2 he is told to recite the Ten Commandments. He starts, â€Å"Thou shalt not steal†¦covet thy neighbours goods†¦ make unto thee any graven image†¦ bear false witness†¦ make unto thee any graven image. † finally stuttering and failing. We get an insight to his values in Act 2, when he shows his disapproval of the Salem Witch trials, saying: â€Å"It’s a strange work†¦ to hang old women†. This is further illustrated, later in the same act, when his wife, Elizabeth, learns that she is accused of witchcraft. Proctor, deeply shocked, becomes very protective towards her. He says that they shall resist the charges and that â€Å"There will be no noose†¦fear nothing†. Johns courage to stick by his beliefs is illustrated at the end of Act 2, when he stands up to court officials in a struggle to oppose the charges against his wife. He tears up the arrest warrant, throws out the officials and rages â€Å"Damn the Deputy Governor! Out of my house! † At the end of the play, in Act 4, John faces the ultimate test of his courage and moral values when he is faced with signing the document, where to lie would save his life. Proctor cannot sign the lie and exclaims: â€Å"Because it is my name! †¦ Because I lie and sign myself to lies! † Abigail Williams is undoubtedly the most despicable character in the play. Her young and innocent appearance conceals a sly, selfish and callous girl. Abigail had once been John Proctor’s lover, but was then rejected. She cannot bear the fact that John no longer loves her the way that she believes he used to, and that he wants to pretend that nothing ever happened. In Act 1, John says to her: â€Å"Wipe it out of mind. We never touched. † Abigail is a deceitful person who does not care about the outcome of her actions. Her envy leads her to make false accusations against Elizabeth Proctor. She is a skillful liar. This is illustrated in Act 3 when Abigail, after purposely wounding herself, argues, in court, against Elizabeth saying: â€Å"I have been hurt Mr Danforth†¦ I done my duty pointing out the devil’s people – and this is my reward? To be mistrusted, denied, questioned†¦? Abigail has a bad name in the village because she is often seen doing mysterious things, such as conjuring spirits and more generally because of her malevolent character. This is illustrated in Act 1 where Betty exclaims, â€Å"you did, you did! You drank a charm to kill John Proctors wife! † Abigail then smashes Betty across the face and shouts â€Å"shut it, shut it! † As the thoughts and ideas of witchcraft and devil worship spread through Salem, Abigail finds an easy way to get rid of her enemies without degrading her name any further. By accusing them, or convincing others to accuse, Abby is able to place many innocent people on trial for witchcraft. An example of this occurs at the end of Act 3, when Abigail, having convinced an assembly of girls to help her accuse Mary Warren, manipulates the situation. The assembly slowly descends into a screaming crisis, which makes Mary sound like a mad woman. Abigail uses this technique many times in the play. On this occasion, Mary Warren blames Proctor to save her life. The underlying evil of mindless persecution pervades this play. There are many characters to admire and despise. Abigail Williams deserves some sympathy, as she was callously cast aside by Proctor. Nevertheless, her decent into evil, surpasses them all Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Spartacus Essays

Spartacus Essays Spartacus Essay Spartacus Essay Spartacus Spartacus, written in 1951 by Howard Fast, is the story of a gladiator, named Spartacus. Spartacus is a slave who is bought by a lanista, a person who owns, sells, and fights gladiators, whose name is Batiatus. Batiatus trains Spartacus to be a gladiator at a gladitorial school in Capua. Because Spartacus is brave, loves life, and has leadership he breaks out of the school and leads a four-year long slave revolt against Rome. Spartacus is brave. This trait is important as he is leading a revolt against what is then the most powerful nation in the world. Spartacus shows his incredible bravery when ?Spartacus rose to his feet?(152) and ?the trainers lashed out their whips and knives?(152). He opposses despite the fact that he knows the trainers could whip or kill him. When Spartacus sees the soldiers of Capua coming to fight the gladiators he does not run but instead tells his men that We will fight like soldiers.(160) Spartacus shows his courage when he tells his soldiers they are to go to war against Rome. Spartacus?s bravery is shown by the fact that he wants to destroy Rome. And after they destroy Rome, he wants spartacus, slave, shows, leadership, gladiators, bravery, tells, slaves, rome, revolt, life, against, trainers, spartacus?s, senate, out, men, leading, knows, gladiator, fight, virtue, together, third, soldiers, sends, school, roman, one, nation, message, love, glad, fact, destroy

Formal Lab Report Rates of Reaction Alkali Metals Essays

Formal Lab Report Rates of Reaction Alkali Metals Essays Formal Lab Report Rates of Reaction Alkali Metals Paper Formal Lab Report Rates of Reaction Alkali Metals Paper Then, the test tube was lifted out of the water and kept in an inverted position. Finally, the gas collected was tested by bringing a burning splint to the mouth of the test tube. It was concluded that the Alkali metals were more reactive than the Alkaline Earth metals. When the active metals reacted with water, the resulting solutions were basic. Hydrogen gas was produced when calcium reacts with water. Interdenominational metals are in the first column of the periodic table and they may be readily fused and volatilities with their melting and boiling points becoming lower with increasing atomic mass. They are the strongest electrophoresis metals. (Keyword, R. 2009) These elements react vigorously, even violently with water. Alkaline Earth metals are elements in the second column of the periodic table. These elements are in general white, differing by shades of color or casts; they are malleable, extendable and mechanical. (Tutor Vista. 2008) Also, these elements are less reactive than the Alkali metals and have higher melting points and boiling points. The unionization energy is the amount of energy it takes to detach one electron from a neutral atom. The II increase from bottom to top and left to right in the erotic table. The Shod Education Foundation, Inc. 2000) The II and atomic radius increase in opposite directions. This makes sense because as the atom gets smaller, the valence electrons become closer to the nucleus. This means the attractive force holding the electron is stronger and it takes more energy to pull the electron off. The unionization energy of an atom is equal to the amount of energy given off when an electron is added to an atom. Unlike a ball, an atom doesnt have a fixed radius. The atomic radius of an atom can be obtained by measuring the distances between atoms in chemical impounds. : The atoms are pulled closely together and so the measured radius is less than if they are just touching. (Clark, J. 2004) This is what you would get if you had metal atoms in a metallic structure, or atoms covalently bonded to each other. As mentioned previously, the atomic radius decrease in going from left to right across a period. This decrease can be explained in terms of the increasing effective nuclear charge (decease shielding) in going from left to right. This means that the valence electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus, decreasing the size f the atom. Atomic radius increases down a group, due to the increases in the orbital sizes. When a metal oxide reacts with water, they create a basic solution. Therefore, when the Alkali metals and Alkaline Earth metals react with water, a basic solution is produced. In addition, the term Alkali (essentially the opposite of an acid) refers to a substance that forms the negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH-) in contact with water. (Keyword, R. 2009)Alkali metals and Alkaline Earth metals are known for their vigorous reactions with water, and these reactions come increasingly violent as one moves down the group. The reaction with water is as follows: Alkaline Earth metal + water Alkaline Earth metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas. Materials ApparatusApparatusMaterials600 ml beakers tuberose splintered gatecrash glasstweezersscoopula lithium metabolism metastasiss mathematical metered and blue litmus perpendicularity A- Reactions of Alkali Metals with Waterborne was half filled with water. Wire gauze was placed on top on the beaker. Tweezers were used to drop sodium into a beaker half-filled with water. Beaker was immediately recovered with wire gauze. When the reaction was complete, the contents of the beaker were tested with red and blue litmus paper. The beaker contents were disposed. Theses steps were repeated with lithium and potassium. Part B- Reactions of Alkaline Earth Metals with Waterborne was rinsed and half filled WI fresh water. A test tube was filled with water and inverted into the beaker. A sample of calcium was obtained using a watch glass. The calcium was added to the beaker. The gas produced by the reaction was collected in a test tube by the downward escapement of water. When the test tube was full, the test tube was lifted out of the water and kept in a n inverted position. The gas collected was tested by bringing a burning splint to the mouth of the test tube. The solution was tested with red and blue litmus paper. Reclassifications small bloodthirstinesss into flimflamming noiselessly is basicLithiumCreated medium bubblesDissoIvedHissing noiselessly is basicPotassiumPopping soundings noiseless of smokehouse into purple flimflammed is bicameralisms of calcium dissolved into a translucent solution. Liquid is basilicas a popping sound when the burning splint went into the test Hydrogen gas is produced. Discussion of the theories discussed in the introduction on first unionization energy, atomic radius and metal oxides have all been proven in this lab. Alkali metals are much more reactive than Alkali earth metals and this is due to unionization energy and atomic radius. The Alkali metals rates of reaction increase as you go down the periodic table and this is also explained by unionization energy and atomic radius. Metal oxides react with water to produce basic solutions and this is due to their chemical equation. Alkali metals produce hydrogen gas when they react with water due to the chemical equation and Alkali metals with oxides create basic solutions due to the oxides and water rule. Sodium, lithium and potassium were much more reactive than calcium was and this is due to unionization energy and atomic radius. Due to a very large size of the atoms, Alkali metals have very low unionization energies. Down the group the unionization energy decreases as atomic size increases. This is due to new shells being added and the increase in the magnitude of the screening effect of inner shell electrons. (Chem.. 1 . 05, November 14) Members of Alkaline Earth metals have higher unionization energies values compared to Alkali metals because of their smaller size, with the electrons being more attracted towards the nucleus of the atoms. The less attracted the electrons of an element are to their nucleus, the more reactive an element is because it is more willing to participate in reactions. As you go dow n the Periodic table, the reactivity of the Alkali metals increases and this is due to unionization energy and atomic radius. The lower the unionization energy, the more willing an Alkali metal is to lose an electron. The larger the atomic radius, the less significant each electron becomes and therefore, the less of a problem it is for an Alkali metal to lose one. Each element in the Alkali metal group, and in every group for that matter, becomes more reactive because they are more willing to lose electrons and therefore more willing to take part in chemistry. The definition of Alkaline is a non acidic solution, therefore it is not surprising that all of the solutions were basic. When Alkali metals react with water, one hydrogen atom splits off from the water molecule to form hydrogen gas, while he other hydrogen atom joins the oxygen to form hydroxide. Keyword, R. 2009) This also explains why all of the solutions were basic because the hydroxide ion was present in all of the solutions. The presence of a hydroxide ion is the number one way to check for a base and this gets formed when one of the hydrogen atoms splits off from the water molecule to form hydroxide. Five factors that could have cause experimental error are concentration, temperature, medium, catalysts, and surface area. A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increasing reaction rate (except for zero order reactions). Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. (Helmsmen, A. 2009) Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic; polar or monopole; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Purdon, N. 2006, November 10) Catalysts work by increasing the frequency of collisions between reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective, reducing intermolecular bonding within reactant molecules, or donating electron density to the reactants. Surface are can also influence the rate of reaction because the types of molecules can only bump into each other at the liquid solid inter face, i. E. On the surface of the solid. Therefore, the larger the surface area of the solid, the faster the reaction will be.

Anything of your choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anything of your choice - Essay Example Brainstorm first. Make sure that you have a valid subject. For example: I want to write a letter to my clients about the price increase of our commodities. Draw a clear subject in mind. Know your audience. You can only craft an effective business letter if you know who will be reading your document. You can pick a template, your style, your tone if you know the taste of your readers. Are you writing for the youth council? Customize your message that fits their interest. Do you want to close a good deal with the City’s Engineering Division? Know engineering jargons if necessary. It is crucial to define the people whom you are talking to. Do not send a business letter containing a sea of words. Cut down ideas into pieces. You have to use the rich editor of a Microsoft Word in order to create a navigable document. It is advisable to create a template. This template contains headings, subheadings, ordered list or unordered list to mark the path. It is like a website. Your favorite website should be user friendly. It has a visible navigation menu on the top so that users can easily navigate from one page to another. A readable document should provide a way for readers to read the document by subject or ideas. It will help them navigate from one idea to another. Let’s define our template. It is advisable to create a template for effective business writing, as earlier stated. The document should contain heading for the main subject, and subheadings for the ideas that support the main subject. Make them bold, or increase the font size of your headings to emphasize them. In this way, you can disseminate your message clearly by key points. In addition, it’s appropriate to mark important details with bullets. Make use of ordered list or an unordered list. This is applicable if you are listing information in random order. Here is a sample of bullets (unordered list). Effective business writing entails more revenue. A revenue